Scientists from the Honda Research Institute have collaborated with researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory to develop a new battery chemistry that enables the use of materials with higher energy density and a more favorable environmental footprint than current battery technologies. The collective team of scientists co-authored a new paper on the topic that was published in Science and is available at http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat7070.
The joint study reports that the research team has opened new doors in the development of high energy density batteries capable of meeting rapidly growing energy storage needs by overcoming the current temperature limitations of fluoride-based battery (FIB) technology and by demonstrating the room-temperature operation of fluoride-ion based energy cells.
“Fluoride-ion batteries offer a promising new battery chemistry with up to 10 times more energy density than currently available lithium batteries,” said Dr Christopher Brooks, chief scientist, Honda Research Institute, and a co-author of the paper. “Unlike Li-ion batteries, FIBs do not pose a safety risk due to overheating, and obtaining the source materials for FIBs creates considerably less environmental impact than the extraction process for lithium and cobalt.”
FIBs provide an attractive alternative to other types of potential high-energy battery electrochemistries, such as those based on lithium- or metal hydride chemistries, which are generally limited by the inherent properties of their electrodes. Due to the low atomic weight of fluorine, rechargeable batteries based on the element could offer very high energy densities – up to 10 times greater than the theoretical values for lithium-ion technologies. However, while FIBs are considered a strong contender for the ‘next-generation’ of high-density energy storage devices, they are limited by their required temperature requirements.
Currently, solid-state fluoride ion-conducting battery iterations need to operate at elevated temperatures – above 150°C – to make the electrolyte fluoride-conducting. According to the paper’s authors, these limitations in the electrolyte have presented a significant challenge for achieving low-temperature operating FIBs.
To address this, the research team found a method for creating a fluoride-ion electrochemical cell capable of operating at room temperature – a breakthrough made possible by a chemically stable liquid fluoride-conducting electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and a wide operating voltage. The scientists developed the electrolyte using dry tetramethylammonium fluoride salts dissolved in an organic, fluorinated ether solvent. When paired with a composite cathode featuring a core-shell nanostructure of copper, lanthanum and fluorine, the researchers demonstrated reversible electrochemical cycling at room temperature.
In the future, FIBs could power battery-electric vehicles. The higher-capacity nature of the battery makes it a good candidate for power products as well.
