Phasor-based simulation, which represents sinusoidal voltages and currents with complex numbers at a specific frequency, simplifies calculations by using algebraic equations instead of complex differential equations – making it efficient and well-suited to large-scale power system evaluation
Modern power system analysis encompasses the study, modeling and evaluation of electrical power systems. It employs advanced tools, practices and computational methods to ensure the efficient, reliable and safe operation of these systems. Today, modern power system analysis is critical to a range of industries as it offers an in-depth review of steady-state conditions and dynamic behaviors of systems, including fault conditions, power flow and transient stability. It shows promise as a future means to effectively negate concerns about reliability, sustainability and the integration of renewable energy.
A range of approaches are implemented in modern power system analysis. Phasor-based simulation uses phasors, which are complex numbers that represent sinusoidal voltages and currents at a specific frequency. This method solves a simpler set of algebraic equations relating the voltage and current phasors, instead of solving all the differential equations that result from the interaction of R, L and C elements. The main advantage of executing it is its efficiency, as it discounts electrical states, making it ideal for large-scale power system analysis. As per Cognitive Market Research, the global phasor measurement units (PMU) market will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.5% from 2023 to 2030. Across the world, its demand is rising due to an enhanced focus on real-time monitoring and control of power systems. Interestingly, Asia-Pacific will continue to lead the way, whereas the North American market is expected to witness the most robust growth until 2030.
A phasor represents a sinusoidal waveform in a complex plane, simplifying the analysis of AC systems by converting time-domain signals into the frequency domain. This method is particularly useful in analyzing the system’s behavior during transient conditions, such as sudden changes in load or generation. An example of this are dynamic phasor (DP) models, which are being used to simulate a single-phase inverter in voltage-controlled and current-controlled modes. DP models capture transient and steady-state conditions while being computationally faster than time-domain models. DP simulation is a real-time solver for modern power systems that operate in the dynamic phasor and electromagnetic transient domain. It is designed for co-simulation applications and large-scale scenarios.
As modern power systems become increasingly relevant for energy security, emergency services, critical infrastructures and the economy, it is of utmost importance to evaluate and improve them. In achieving this, the integration of phasor-based simulation can forge a transformative impact. Primarily, it can help the smooth transition toward renewable energy by anticipating generation patterns and managing grid stability. For instance, solar and wind power are subject to weather patterns and are intermittent in nature; however, with real-time data and predictive analysis, power system operators can predict fluctuations and adjust generation sources. This can enhance efficiency and reduce the risk of grid instability, some drastic events notwithstanding.
Moreover, phasor-based simulation can enable smart grid implementation, allowing for precise monitoring and control of power systems. These days, sensors and automated control systems can identify risks and imbalances and provide corrective measures to prevent widespread blackouts. With the help of this, users can manage energy consumption via smart meters and pricing signals to optimize their system use. Added to this, phasor-based simulation has a big role to play in the integration of large-scale battery storage systems. It can potentially store excess renewable energy during low demand and release it in peak use hours, as well as playing a part in charging and discharging cycles. In addition, it can contribute to improving grid resilience with the help of analysis techniques such as fault detection and system restoration. For example, in the event of a natural disaster, phasor-based analysis can assess the damage and rapidly restore power to critical areas, making the grid smart.
As phasor-based simulation integrates cutting-edge advances in the future, it will require improvements in hardware and computational tools to augment its speed and accuracy. Furthermore, phasor-based simulation is bound to affect cybersecurity by simulating the effects of cyberattacks on grid stability and resilience. It will also be important in grid modernization, especially for upgrades to substations, transmission lines and the integration of more advanced control systems.
There are very few simulators in the world that have a good mix of these capabilities. When we talk of very large power grids, there are many occasions where the user/designer/planner needs a hybrid simulation of phasor and EMT simulation, to get the best of both worlds. So, both are needed with different time steps of simulations in this age of distributed energy resources (DER). New grids with large quantities of DER (high-penetration factor) may necessitate very detailed simulation models (EMT) to represent the behavior of power electronic inverter-based systems therein.
Phasor-based simulation in modern power system analysis will be instrumental in shaping the future of accurate and efficient electric systems. To leverage it successfully, industries and stakeholders should be open to adapting and integrating these technologies for long-term growth and sustenance.
